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Understanding Cold Stress: Risks, Symptoms, and Prevention

December 19, 2024 | BCSP Staff Guide

Understanding Cold Stress: Risks, Symptoms, and Prevention

Working in cold environments is a reality for many people around the globe. For most of us, cold weather is an inconvenience—a frosty windshield to scrape and a car to warm up before heading out. But for countless workers, cold exposure goes far beyond discomfort. It can create dangerous conditions known as cold stress, where the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, putting health and safety at serious risk.

Who is at Risk?

Workers in outdoor or poorly insulated environments, or those without adequate shelter, are most susceptible to cold stress. This includes, among others:

  • Construction workers
  • Agriculture workers
  • Delivery drivers and postal workers
  • Utility and electrical line workers
  • First responders
  • Commercial fishermen
  • Cold storage workers
  • Ski resort staff and outdoor guides
  • Service members

It’s important to remember that the severity of cold stress can vary based on regional climate. In areas unaccustomed to cold weather, temperatures just above freezing can still lead to cold stress. It’s also important to note that temperature isn’t the only factor in determining cold environments—wind chill also plays a role. Consult the National Weather Service’s windchill chart to understand the effects of wind speeds on outdoor temperatures.  

Recognizing the Symptoms of Cold Stress

The symptoms of cold stress can range from mild to severe. A body temperature that is too low can affect the brain, making it difficult to think clearly or move well. Early symptoms of cold stress include shivering, slurred speech, and fatigue. Severe symptoms may include ceased shivering, blue skin, dilated pupils, slowed pulse and breathing, and loss of consciousness.  

Cold stress can also result in specific conditions, including:

  • Hypothermia: A dangerously low body temperature.
  • Frostbite: Freezing of skin and underlying tissues.
  • Trench Foot: Damage caused by prolonged exposure to wet and cold conditions.
  • Chilblains: Inflammatory skin reaction to repeated exposure to cold.

Preventing Cold Stress

To minimize the risks of cold stress, workers should:

  • Dress Appropriately
    • Wear multiple layers of loose, insulating clothing.
    • Protect extremities with waterproof footwear, gloves, and hats.
    • Use garments to cover the ears, face, and hands.
  • Take Precautions:
    • Limit exposure to cold environments when possible.
    • Take regular breaks in warm areas.
    • Avoid direct contact with cold metal surfaces.
    • Carry extra clothing, such as socks, gloves, and jackets.

Employer Responsibilities

Employers play a crucial role in protecting workers from cold stress. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends the following measures:

  • Schedule tasks for warmer times of the year when possible.
  • Rotate relief workers to prevent prolonged exposure.
  • Provide warm liquids and heated break areas.
  • Limit time spent outdoors on extremely cold days.
  • Monitor workers for symptoms of cold stress.
  • Offer training on identifying risks, symptoms, prevention, treatment, and the proper use of personal protective equipment (PPE).

Understanding and addressing cold stress is critical for ensuring the safety and well-being of workers exposed to cold environments. Whether through proper clothing, proactive precautions, or employer-led interventions, the risks associated with cold stress can be minimized. Prioritizing education, preparation, and support not only protects workers but also fosters a safer, more productive work environment in even the harshest weather conditions.

Stay warm, everyone!

Tags: Cold Stress Winter Safety

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